非谓语动词的教学是我们高中英语语法教学的重点和难点之一,既涉及到时态、语态知识,又涉及到句子成分等问题,还牵涉到谓语和非谓语的区别等。在平时的教学过程中,学生解答这类题目时常采用找非谓语动词与句子相关成分的逻辑关系和非谓语动作先后的方法来解决的,逻辑关系确定非谓语的语态形式,动作发生的先后确定非谓语的时态形式。例:1。peterreceivedaletterjustnowsayinghisgrandmawouldcometoseehimsoon。(saying的分词短语作aletter的定语,两者之间是主谓的逻辑关系。)2。ittookalongtimefortheconnectionbetweenbodytemperatureandillnesstobemade。(ittooktodo为固定句式,不定式作主语,makeaconnection中make与connection之间是动宾的逻辑关系,ittookalongtimeforustomaketheconnectionbetweenbodytemperatureandillness。)但在我们教学的过程中,不难发现有些题目学生用找逻辑关系的方法很难解决问题或者说有些题目中非谓语动词与句子的相关成分根本就不存在逻辑关系。例:1。aandguilty,heputthebookbackontheshelfshehadsecretlyplacedinherschoolbag。a。frightenedb。frighteningc。beingfrightenedd。tobefrightening(学生在a、b、c中难以取舍,片面地认为他害怕是主动的逻辑关系而选b或者认为这里的frighten还是一种行为而选c)2。technologinallya,china’schangeprojectdoesbetterthananyearlierprojectofthesamekind。a。speakingb。spokenc。speakd。tospeak(这里的主语china’schangeproject与speaking之间没有逻辑关系,而学生则因思维定势习惯地认为工程被说是被动,很可能选b。)针对上述情况,笔者把一些与非谓语动词有关的固定结构归纳在一起,形成了一些固定格式非谓语动词格式化结构:一。get过去分词结构在这一结构中,get与be一样表被动,就是该过去分词的被动意义,但表示的是动作,而并非状态。1。havingbeencaughtcheatingintheexam,hegotpunished。2。thereisnotimeforyoutobfortheball。a。bedressedb。getdressedc。getdressingd。dress3。becarefulwhenyoucrossthisverybusystreet。ifnot,youmaybrunoverbyacar。a。haveb。getc。becomed。turn常见用在这一结构的过去分词有:getlostpaidseparateddamagedrunpunishedcaughtchangedchargeddressedhurtburntkilled等等。运用这一结构要训练学生把getsth。doinggetsth。donegetsth。todo等区分开来。例:4。youknowheisnotgoingtoletusleaveearlyiftheworkcan’tbdone。 a。gotb。begotc。havegotd。begetting(本题是getsth。done结构,即ifwecan’tgettheworkdone)5。letmetrynow,thecarwillbegotc。a。startedb。tostartc。startingd。start(本题是getsth。doing结构,即i’llgetthecarstarting。)6。inatimeofsocialreform,people’sstateofmindshouldbegotbpacewiththerapidchangesofsociety。a。keptb。tokeepc。tobekeptd。keeping(本题是getsb。todo结构,即peopleshouldgettheirstateofmindtokeeppacewiththechangesofsociety。)总结:getdone(与句子主语是被动关系)getsb。sth。doing(doing作宾补,与宾语是主动关系)getsb。sth。done(done作宾补,与宾语是被动关系)getsb。todo(叫去做,未发生动作)二。在be状态动词的过去分词介词在这一结构中,过去分词往往形容词化,没有动作意义,说明主语存在的状态,只有done形式,如:beburiedinbelostinbeknownasbecoveredwithbecrowdedwith等等,碰到这类短语作状语好或定语时,去掉动词be就用。1。shehasafacemarkedwithworries。(她满脸愁容)2。hespentthewholedaycinhisstudy。a。lockingb。beinglockedc。lockedd。tolock(不可与spendsb。timeindoingsth。混淆。)3。awithsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime。 a。facedb。facec。facingd。havingfaced总结:但在这些词组中,要区分分词是表状态还是表动作,不可混为一谈。例:4。ctohersonalltheseyears,shehasnomomenttorestfor。 dhisenergiestobeingcrazyaboutgoingonlineatcollege,hecan’tfindajob。 a。tobedevotedb。devotingc。devotedd。havingdevoted(中devote后有宾语的存在,不可能表状态,只能表动作,找逻辑关系主动,动作完成,选d)5。cjustanhour’sridefrombeijing,thesmalltownisaparadise(乐园)fortouristsahomeandabroad。bthetowerinawildpark,theymadeitaparadisefortouristsathomeandabroad。a。locatingb。havinglocatedc。locatedd。tobelocated三。状语从句中省略与非谓语形式在状语从句中,当主句主语与从句主语相同或从句是itisadj。时,常把主语和be动词省略,之后形成以下的固定结构,在平时训练时,告诉学生可以直接在下面的三种形式中做选择。todo(动作未发性) whenwhileunlessifthoughasifnomaterhowdoing(与主语之间是主动关系) done(与主语之间是被动关系)1。whencdifferentcultures,weoftenpayattentiontothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities。即:when(weare)comparingdifferentcultures的省略句。 a。comparedb。beingcomparedc。comparingd。havingcompared2。whendhelp,oneoftensaysthankyou。orit’skindofyou。即:when(oneis)offeredhelp的省略句。a。offeringb。toofferc。tobeofferedd。offered3。themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasifdwhetherhewasgoingtotherightdirection。即:asif(heisgoing)toseewhetherhewasgoingtotherightdirection的省略句。contrastmaymakesomethingmorebeautifulthanitiswhencalone。即:when(somethingis)seenalone的省略句。a。seeingb。havingseenc。seend。tosee总结:在这一结构中,要注意的是主句的主语与从句的主语一定是一致的,否者只能用状语从句。 4。what’sthetroublewithyou? dtheheavysuitcase,mywaistwashurtunexpectedly。 a。whilecarryingb。carried c。carryingdwhileiwascarrying5。theideaforthemachinecametomrbakerctohisinventionrecently。mr。blackhadanideaforthemachineabctohisinventionrecently。 a。whiledevotedb。whiledevotinghimself c。whilehewasdevotedd。whiledevoting 四。withwithout名词(代词)非谓语这一结构一般作伴随状语、原因状语和定语成分,在这一结构中,非谓语与withwithout后的名词、代词有主动或被动的逻辑关系。1。comeon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject。 sorry。withsomuchworkmymind,ialmostbreakdown。 a。filledb。fillingc。tofilld。beingfilled 总结: todo(表示未发性动作) withwithout名词代词doingbeingdone(表示动作正在进行) done(表示完成被动)。johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork,hegladlyacceptedit。johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,butwithhiswork,hecouldn’tacceptit。a。finishedb。finishingc。havingfinishedd。tofinish3。withmoretreesd,hugequantitiesofgoodeartharebeingwashedawayeachyear。 a。destroyingb。tobedestroyedc。havingdestroyedd。beingdestroyed五。常见作状语的非谓语独立成分 concerning(关于,有关);considering(就而论,照看来);supposing(万一;假定);allowingfor(考虑到);seeingthat(由于,因为);totellthetruth,tomakethingsmattersworse,tobebrief,tosaynothingof(更不用说);toconclude(总之,最后)1。hedidpoorlyinhisexamination,consideringhowhardhestudied。 就他学习的努力程度来看,他这次考得很糟糕。2。heaskedmequestionsconcerningmyhealth。他问了我一些问题,是有关我健康方面的。3。c,themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality。 a。generalspeakingb。speakinggeneral c。generallyspeakingd。speakinggenerally对以上结构归纳总结,强化训练,使学生对这些结构有一种本能的反应,从而对非谓语动词这一语法知识的掌握更加系统化、条理化、结构化、程序化,有利于非谓语教学的拓宽,为教学非谓语独立主格结构打下基础。