人教版课程标准实验教材(英语选修7第4单元)知识讲解 第四单元 1workasavolunteer当志愿者workas从事某种职业heusedtoworkasabusdriver。 2makeadifference(1)有所作为itisnotnecessarytobeagreatscientisttomakeadifference,buttherearethingswecanlearnfromthebestmindsinthisworld。(2)makeanosomelittlemuchdifference有没有一些很小很大影响 theraindidn’tmakemuchdifferencetothegame。itmakesnodifferencetomewhetherhegoesornot。 evensmallthingscanmakeabigdifference。exercisecanmakeabigdifference。 短语:bedifferentfrom与不同tellthedifferencebetween说出的差别不同makeadifferencebetween区分bedifferentin在方面不同differfrom与不同 theyarenowingreatneedofhelp。soyoursupportwillcertainlymakea。adealbdecisioncpointddifference 3stick(1)伸出,突出(常与out,outof或up连用) don’tstickyourheadoutofthewindow。hesawabranchstickingupinthewater。水面上伸出一根树枝。 (2)粘,粘let’sstickthisnoticeonthewall。thesestampshavestucktogether。这几张邮票粘在一起了。 (3)固定(不同情况下有不同的议法)begetstuckin被困在相当于becaughtin (4)v容忍,忍受toleratebearputupwithiwon’tsickyourrudenessanylonger。 (5)n棍,棒,柴awalkingstick拐杖手杖theoldmancan’twalkwithoutastick。 heiscollectingdrystickstomakeafire。他正在拾干柴生火。 thedoorhasstuck,andican’tgetout。门塞住了hestuckastickintotheground。他在地上插了一根棍子 wherehaveyoubeen?iintheheavytraffic,oriwouldhavebeenhereearlier。 astuckbhadstuckchavebeenstuckdgotstuck onceadecisionhasbeenmade,allofusshouldit。adirecttobsticktocleadtodreferto thetheoryhestucktotobetrue。aprovingbisprovedcprovesdbeingproved 短语:stickto坚持,忠于(后接pron)insiston坚持(后接ving形式)sticktoapost坚守岗位 stickatsth不懈地做sticktoone’sword遵守诺言hepromisedtohelpusandhestucktohisword。 sticktoprinciples坚守原则stickaround不走开,呆在原地we’llneedyoutohelpuslater。 stickupfor支持,捍卫stickupforwhatyoubelieve。shetaughtherchildrentostickupforthemselvesatschool。 getthewrongendofthestick误解givesbstick严惩某人stickwithsb继续支持某人 4getthrough(1)通过(考试,测验等)tomfailedbuthissistergotthrough。 thatistosay,theyallpassedtheexam。 (2)通过(议案,建议等),使通过doyouthinkthebillwillgetthrough?你认为议案能通过吗? theysucceededinthebill。 (3)到达,抵达thousandsofrefugeeswilldieifthesesuppliesdon’tgetthrough。(难民) istartedassoonasyourmessagetome。 (4)接通电话irangyouseveraltimesyesterday,butcouldn’tgetthrough(toyou)。 (5)(设法)做或完成let’thereisalotofworktogetthroughtobegotthrough。 hethebookononeevening。 (6)经过后仍然活着 theoldgotthroughtwowars。相当于livethrough经历(通常指不好的事情) (7)用完,花光hesaidheallhismoney。 (8)通过,穿过wemanagedtogetthroughtheforestwithhishelp。 igottohimandhesaidthathehadgottheexamination。aoff,outbthrough,throughcalong,backdaway,to 相关短语:getalong过活,生活,相处,进展getawaywith(做了某事)而不受惩罚,携带跑掉getdown 写下,记下,下来,情绪低落getdownto开始认真(做某事)其中to是介词getintouchwith与取得联系getover克服(困难等);淡忘;从(病,损失等)中恢复过来,痊愈getridof摆脱,除掉,处理掉getacross(使)被理解,使通过gettogether聚集,相聚在一起getround传开,绕开,说服getoff下车getin插话 getabout病愈后能走动,旅行 howareyoumanagingtodoyourworkwithoutanassistant?well,isomehow。 agetalongbcomeoncwatchoutdsetoff hardlycouldhethisamountofworkinsuchashorttime。agetthroughbgetoffcgetintodgetdown thewomanbiologiststayedinafricastudyingwildanimalsfor13yearsbeforeshereturned。 oh,dear!shealotofdifficulties! amaygothroughbmightgothroughcoughttohavegonethroughdmusthavegonethrough therewerealotofpeoplestandingatthedoorandthesmallgirlcouldn’tget。abetweenbthroughcacrossdbeyond 5whether与if:if用在条件状语从句中意为如果ifitrainstomorrow,wewillnotgotothepark。 if用在宾语从句中时可与whether互换wedon’tknowifwhetherhecancome。 但在下列情况下必须用whether: (1)正式文体中,句中有ornot时。iwonderwhetheritisbigenoughornot。 (2)引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。whetheritistrueremainsaquestion。 thequestioniswhetherhecancomeontime。thequestionwhetheritisrightorwrongdependsonsituation (3)作介词宾语时。ihaven’tsettledthequestionofwhetheri’llgobackhome。 (4)与不定式连用时。shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot (5)作discuss等词的宾语时wediscussedwhetherweshouldclosetheshop。 wehaven’tsettledtheproblemitisnecessaryforhimtostudyabroad。aifbwherecwhetherdthat 6call组成的词组:callsbup打电话,征召(服役),callsthup使回忆起,使想起callonsb拜访某人callat停泊,停靠(某地)callon号召callfor需要,要求callforsb去接callsbin召来,叫来(服务)tocallinadoctorthepolice请医生叫警察callsthin下令收回,要求退回callback回电话,召唤某人回来 7hearfrom收到的来信后接的宾语是(发信)人。iheardfrommysisterinnewyorkyesterday。 hearofhearabout听说hearsbdosth听见某人做过某事hearsbdoingsth听见某人正在做某事 类似用法:writetosb或writesbaletter或writealettertosb给某人写信(收信人)don’tforgettowritetome。 howoftendoyouhearyourmother?onceamonth。i’mexpectingherlettereveryday。aofbaboutcfromd 8bedyingtodobeeagertodo极想渴望迫切想要做bedyingforsthbeeagerforsth迫切想要某物 lookforwardtosth或lookforwardtodoingsth盼望期待(做)某事diewish遗言瞩 i’mdyingforsomethingtoeat。sheisdyingtoknowwhereyou’vebeen。 相关短语:diefor为而死dieaway(声音等)逐渐消失thesoundoftheirlaughterdiedaway。 diedown(火焰等)逐渐减弱theflamesfinallydieddown。火焰越来越小,最后熄灭了。 dieoff相继死去dieout灭绝,绝种thisspecieshasnearlydiedoutbecauseitshabitatisbeingdestroyed。 dieof因而死(原因多来自内部,如情感、饥饿、寒冷、疾病等)theoldmandiedofcancer。 diefrom由于而死(原因常来自外部)hediedfromawound。他受伤而死。 death(n)死,死亡dead(adj)死的,无生命的 adj致命的,致死的,adeadlyweapondiseasedeadlypoison剧毒 adj极度的,彻底的wesatindeadlysilence。 deadlyadj枯燥的,令人厌烦的thelecturewasabsolutelydeadly。这演讲简直无聊透了。 adv极其,非常deadlyseriousdull极其严肃认真乏味deadlypalecold死一般地苍白,冷得要死 9ittake(s)tookwilltakesbsometimetodosth(1)干某事花费某人多长时间 itwilltakeyoumuchtimetoachieveyouraimofgoingtoschool。itusuallytakesme20minutestogohome。 (2)该结构也可表示花费劳动力干某事ittooktheoldegyptiansmuchlaborforcetofinishthepyramid。 (3)表示花费的结构还有:sbspendtimemoneyonsth(in)doingsth某人花钱时间干某事 (doing)sthcost(sb)somemoney代价(干)某事花费某人钱代价事物做主语 hiscarelessdrivingcosthimhislife。therepairscostalot,butit’smoneywellspent。 chargesbsomemoneyfor(doing)sth因而向某人要价hechargedme5yuanforrepairingmybike。 pay(money)forsbsth为而付钱ipaid3dollarsforthebook。 10upto:beuptosthbebusydoingsth忙于某事从事某事it’suptosbtodosth由某人负责做某事 beuptobefitfor胜任(常用于否定句和疑问句中)what’sup?怎么了发生什么事了?it’s(all)uptoyou。由你决定uptouptilluntil直到uptonowsofar到目前为止uptodate最新的,现代的uptotheminute最新近的 (1)多达,高达hecanearnupto50,000ayear。(asmuchas) (2)一直到shelivedathomerightuptoshegotmarried。 (3)胜任(befitfor)i’mnotsureifsheisreallyuptothatjob。 (4)由负责it’suptohertodecidewhetherornottogoonthecourse。 (5)忙于,从事于fatherwantstoknowwhatihavebeenup。 whatdoyouwanttodonext?wehavehalfanhouruntilthebasketballgame。。whateveryouwanttodoisfinewithme。a。itjustdependsb。it’suptoyouc。allrightc。gladtohearthat。 ,jack?youlookpale。ifelloffmybikeandhurtmylegs。 a。what’sgoingonbwhat’supcwhatdidyoudodwhathaveyoudone 11comeacross该词不用与被动语态 (1)偶然遇见或发现近义词有runacross,runinto,meetwith,meetbychance,happentomeet,chancetomeet i’vejustcomeacrossanoldfriendihaven’tseenforyears。shecameacrossaformerteacheronherwayhome。 (2)穿过,走过hecameacrossthehallintoaroom。他穿过大厅进入一个房间。 (3)被理解,被传达hespokeforalongtimebuthismeaningdidnotreallycomeacross。 短语:comeabout发生一般与how连用comeout出版,开花,出来whenishernewnovelcomingout? cometoanend结束cometosb被想出theideacametomeinthebath。comeupwith提出,想出comeup被提出,长出地面,走进cometoaconclusiondecision得出结论做出决定comeintoeffectforceuse生效开始使用 cometosth总计,谈到comebacktosb恢复记忆,回想起it’sallcomingbacktome。comeover过来 haveyousomenewideas?yeah。i’lltellyoulater。acomeaboutbconeintoccomeupwithdcomeup whatmakeshersofrightened?oh,itisthemousethatsheonherbedwhilelookingforherwatch。 acameaboutbcameacrossccamethroughdcameup iforgettobringmyumbrella。。mineisbigenoughfortwo。a。goaheadb。gobackc。comeoverdcomein thedictionaryisbeingprintedanditwillsoon。aturnoutbcomeoutcstartoutdgoout it’salready10o’clock。iwonderhowitthatshewastwohourslateonsuchashorttrip。 acameoverbcameoutccameaboutdcameup 12adapt(oneself)to适应于sheadapted(herself)quicklytothenewclimate。 adaptadaptsthtosth使适应hecouldnotadapthiswayoflifetothecompany。 adaptsth(forsthsb)修改it’shardtoadapthisstoryforchildren’sfilm。 adaptsthforsthfromsth根据改编成thisnovelhasbeenadaptedforradiofromtherussianoriginal。 13privilege特权,优惠enjoyprivileges享受特权havetheprivilegeof有特权asaspecialprivilege 作为特别许可byspecialprivilege根据特权 14wonder(1)v想知道,想弄明白,琢磨iwonderwhosheis。iwasjustbeginningtowonderwhereyouwere。正琢磨 (2)礼貌地提问或请人做事时说iwonderifyoucanhelpme。iwaswonderingwhetheryou’dliketocometoaparty。 (3)wonderatsth感到诧异,非常惊讶shewonderedatherownstupidity。她没想到自己竟会这样愚蠢。 (4)n惊奇,惊叹,惊讶shegazeddowninwonderatthecityspreadbelowher。她俯视展现在眼前的城市,惊叹不已。 (5)n奇观,奇迹,奇事,奇妙之处thegrandcanyonisoneofthenaturalwondersoftheworld。科罗拉多大峡谷 (6)能人,奇才,有特效的东西jim,you’reawonder!iwouldneverhavethoughtofdoingthat。我从来想不到该那样做。 it’sawonder(that)令人惊奇的是,莫名其妙的是it’sawonderthatmorepeopleweren’thurt。 (it’s)littlesmallnowonder(that)难怪,不足为奇,并不奇怪itislittlewonder(that)shewasupset。 nowonderyou’retired,youhavebeenwalkingforhours。难怪你累了,你一直走了好几个小时。 15possession有,所有,拥有,占有其复数形式possessions财产,财富 takepossessionof拥有,占有,占领havepossessionofsth占有拥有某物getpossessionof拿到,占有,占领 inpossessionof占有某物inone’spossessioninthepossessionofsb某物为某人所占有持有 hispossessionofknowledgemadehimrich。heisamanofgreatpossessions。(富人) afterthewarhelostallhispossessions。howdidyougetpossessionofit?(得到)heissaidtobeinpossessionof theirlandwastakenpossessionbysomewhitepeopleandtheyreasonedthem。(reasonwith规劝,和某人讲道理) aof,withbwith,withcto,todof,about 16relevant有关的,切题的relevanttosbsthhisnationalityisn’trelevanttowhetherhe’sagoodlawyer。(国籍) hiswordsaren’trelevanttowhatweshoulddiscuss。we’dbetterpayattentiontotherelevantdetails。 相关短语:berelevantto与有关beirrelevantto与无关relevance(n)关联,切题haverelevanceto和有关 beconnectedwith与有关berelatedto与有关relateto与有关belinkedtowith与有关beinvolvedin与有牵连关系 topicsofcompositionshouldbetotheexperiencesandinterestsofthestudents。 aconcernedbdependentcconnectingdrelevant 17adjust(v)整理,调整,适应adjustto(to为介词)适应adjuststhoneselftosth使适应 ittookherawhiletoadjusttolivingaloneaftertheporce。(单身生活) ittookseveralsecondsforhiseyestoadjusttothedark。you’llquicklyadjustyourselftostudentlife。 adjustable(adj)可调整的adjustment(n)调节,调整makeanadjustment作出调整 相关短语:adaptto适应(to为介词)adaptsthoneselfto使适应;优待,荣幸 shecarefullyadjustedherclothesandherhairbeforegoingout。 someanimalsadjustthemselvestotheirenvironmentbyinstinct。 youcan’tseethroughthetelescopeuntilyouadjustittoyoureyes。 mycameracanbeadjustedtotakepicturesincloudyandsunnyconditions。 thedesksandchairscanbeadjustedtotheheightofanychild。hehadbecomebetteradjustedtotherollingoftheship。 18prepare(v)准备preparesth准备某物prepareforsth为做准备preparesbforsth使某人为为某事做好准备getbepreparedtodosth为做准备bewellpreparedforsth为做好准备makepreparationsfor为做准备inpreparation在准备中motherispreparingsupperandwearepreparingforsupper。 pleasepreparethetablefordinner。heispreparinghimselfforthecomingexamination。 youmustbewellpreparedfortheworst。你必须对最坏的情况有思想准备。 theteachersarepreparingthepapersandtheyarepreparingfortheexams。 what’sthatterriblenoise?theneighborsforaparty。ahavepreparedbarepreparingcpreparedwillprepare thesecretaryworkedlateintothenight,alongspeechforthepresident。 atopreparebpreparingcprepareddwaspreparing alongspeechforthepresidentthesecretaryhadtoworkedlateintothenight。 atopreparebpreparingcprepareddwaspreparing 19soft(adj)柔软的,柔和的,细腻的,不严厉的,同情的,脑子发昏的,不够勇敢的softness(n)softly(adv) besoftonsth对某事心肠软的不够严厉的besoftwithsb对某人心肠软的不够严厉的 theyareoutofcontrol。awithbatcondto 20(1)it’stimeit’shightimeit’sabouttimethatsbdidsthit’s(highabout)time(for)sbtodosth是该做的时候了。 it’stime(forme)togetup。it’stimethatigotup。it’stimetogohome。it’stimethatwewenthome。 (2)itthisthatisthefirst(secondlast)timethatsbhavedonesth某人第一次(第二次最后一次)做某事(that可省略,若前面为itwas后面的时态须用过去完成时)thisisthefirsttimethatihavecometobeijing。 thatwasthelasttimethatihadbeentothegreatwall。itisthesecondtimethatihaveseenthefilm。 (3)thefirst(second)time本身可用作连词用来引导时间状语从句。thefirsttimeisawher,iwasstruckbyherbeauty。 it’sthesecondtimethatitoshanghai。whatgreatchanges!it’stenyearssinceiitlasttime。 ahavebeen,leftbhadbeen,leftcam,hadleftdcome,hadleft 21income(n)收入,所得,收益当收入讲时,不用much或little修饰,而用large或low。与price相似。 fixedincome固定收入alargeincome高收入alowincome低收入amonthlyincome月收入 22(1)dry(vt)易干,晒干,擦干 wetclothesdryeasilyinthesun。shedriedherhairwithtowels。hedriedhisclothesinthesun。 (2)dryout(使)变干,干透hotsunandcoldwindscansoondryoutyourskin。(inawaythatisnotwanted) (3)dryup(河流,湖泊等)干涸duringthedroughttheriverdriedup。 (4)dryoff(使)变干,弄干wewentswimmingthenlayinthesuntodryoff。我们去游了泳,然后就躺在太阳下晒干。 wedriedourbootsoffbythefire。 23getto动词结构中的动词多为表示意识、心理、情绪等变化的词,表示一个渐进的过程。如gettoknow, gettorealize,gettounderstand等。此外,get后也可加上形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语等。 thefoood’sgettingcold。菜凉了。they’vejustgotmarried。 whenyougettoknowhim,you’llfindhe’squitedifferentfromhowyouimagined。 25upsidedown颠倒地,乱七八糟地,杂乱地,翻过来地insideout里面朝外 theboypretendedhecouldread,buthewasholdingthebookupsidedown。 everythingintheroomwasturnedupsidedown。thepicturewashungupsidedown。 heworethesweater。ainsideoutbupsidedowncoutdoutside 24(1)fantastic荒诞的,奇异的,fantasticdreamsstories荒诞的梦故事 (2)adj(口语)了不起的,极好的she’safantasticswimmer。youpassedyourtest。fantastic。好极了太棒了! (3)不切实际的fantasticplansproposals不切实际的计划建议 25(1)ing主动,正在进行sheranandranwithbeadsofsweatofsweatrunningdownherface。 withtheguideleadinguswefinallyfoundthevillage。 (2)过去分词被动,完成shewasthinkingforawhilewithhereyesshut。 themurdererwasbroughtinwithhishandstiedbehind(hisback)。 with的复合结构(3)不定式主动,将要发生withtoomuchalotofhomeworktodoican’tgooutwithyou。 withmyteachertohelpmeithinkicantrydoingitasecondtime。 (4)介词短语伴随theteachercameinwithabookinhishand。 (5)形容词heoftensleepswiththewindowsopen。 (6)副词weusedtoliveinavillagewithariveraround。 thestudentslefttheroomwithallthelightson。 (7)名词thefatherdiedwithhisdaughterstillaschoolgirl。 withalocalguide(lead)theway,wegotthereeasily。 withtheproblem(solve),wewentonsmoothly。 withhim(help)us,wewillfinishtheworkaheadoftime。 walkingoutofitwithasmileonhisface,heturnedgoodbyetohisclassmatesintheclassroom。 aforcing,tosaybforced,tosayingcforcing,tosayingdforced,tosay theproductionupto60,thecompanyhashadanotherexcellentyear。a。asb。forc。withd。through theanswer,bob,whoaskedthequestion,stillstoodwithhishands。 a。given,raisingb。given,raisedc。giving,raisingd。giving,raised fivepeoplewonthechina’sgreenfigureaward,atitletoordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentprotection。abeinggivenbisgivencgivendwasgiven youcanseealargeplasticbottle,cutoff,asapottogrowyoungplantsin。 athetopisbwithitstopcwhosetopdthetopofwhich 27view(1)u视力,眼界themountainiswithinourview。thelakecameintoviewasweturnedcorner。转过弯就看见 (2)c从某处看到的东西,(尤指)自然风景,美景theviewfromourhouseisverybeautiful。从看去,风景很美。 weenjoythemagnificentviewsoverthemountains。在群山之巅欣赏那壮丽的景色。 (3)c(常作复数)个人的意见、态度,(对某问题的)看法,见解viewaboutonsth whatareyourviewsonherresignation?weopposesupportthecommittee’sviews。 (4)v考虑,认为,仔细观察或注视howdoyouviewyourchancesofsuccess?你认为你获得成功有多大把握? viewedfromtheoutside,thecompanyseemedgenuine。从外表看,这家公司倒像是真的。 词组:inone’sviewinone’sopinion依某人看来inviewof鉴于,考虑到apointofview观点。看法 28relative(1)(adj)有关的,涉及某事物的thefactsrelativetotheproblemthepapers(文件)relativetothecase (2)adj(与他人事物)相对的,比较的theyarelivinginrelativecomfort。他们现在生活比较舒适。 supplyisrelativetodemand。供应要与需求保持一定的比例。 (3)n亲戚,亲属acloseneardistantrelativeofhers她的近亲较近的亲戚远亲 relate(v)有关系(常为relateto或berelatedto)relation关系(一般用作复数),亲属relationship关系